Přehlad rěčowych swójbow

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Wobsah 1 Někotre wjetše rěčowe swójby 2 Najwjetše swójby 3 Rěčowe swójby 3.1 Afrika a Južnozapadna Azija 3.2 Europa and sewjerna, zapadna, a Južna Azija 3.3 Wuchodna Azija, Južnowuchodna Azija, a Pacific 3.4 Papuanske rěče 3.5 Awstralske aboriginalske rěče 3.6 Sewjerna Amerika 3.7 Centralna Amerika a Južna Amerika 4 Izolowane rěče 4.1 Centralna & Južna Amerika 4.2 Sewjerna Amerika 4.3 Awstralia 4.4 Nowa Guinea 4.5 Azija 4.6 Afrika 4.7 Europa 5 Njeklasifikowane rěče 5.1 Europa 5.2 Afrika 5.3 Azija 5.4 Awstralia 5.5 Južna Amerika 5.6 Sewjerna Amerika 6 Kreolske rěče, pidginy, mixed rěče, and trade rěče 7 Proposed language stocks 8 Externe wotkazy 9 Bibliographija

[wobdźěłać] Někotre wjetše rěčowe swójby

• Afroazijske rěče (kontroverzne)
• Altajske rěče (kontroverzne)
• Austroaziatiske rěče
• Austroneske rěče
• Drawidske rěče
• Eskimo-Aleutske rěče
• Indoeuropske rěče
• Khojsanske rěče (kontroverzne)
• Na-Dene rěče
• Nigerokonžske rěče
• Nilosaharske rěče
• Pamanyunganske rěče
• Tibeto-chinske rěče
• Tai-Kadai
• Uralske rěče

[wobdźěłać] Najwjetše swójby

According to the numbers in Ethnologue[2], the largest language families in terms of number of languages are:

1. Nigerokonžske rěče (1,514 rěčow)
2. Austroneske rěče (1,268 rěčow)
3. Trans-New Guinea (564 rěčow) (validity disputed)
4. Indoeuropske rěče (449 rěčow)
5. Sino-Tibetan (403 rěčow)
6. Afroazijske rěče (375 rěčow) (validity disputed)
7. Nilosaharske rěče (204 rěčow)
8. Pamanyunganske rěče (178 rěčow)
9. Oto-Manguean rěče (174 rěčow) (number disputed; Lyle Campbell includes only 27)
10. Austroasiatiske rěče (169 rěčow)
11. Sepik-Ramu rěče (100 rěčow) (validity disputed)
12. Tai-Kadai (76 rěčow)
13. Tupi rěče (76 rěčow)
14. Drawidske rěče (73 rěčow)
15. Mayske rěče (69 rěčow)

[wobdźěłać] Rěčowe swójby

In the following, each "bulleted" item is a known or suspected language family. The geographic headings over them are meant solely as a tool for grouping families into collections more comprehensible than an unstructured list of the dozen or two of independent families. Geographic relationship is convenient for that purpose, but these headings are not a suggestion of any "super-families" phylogenetically relating the families named.

[wobdźěłać] Afrika a Južnozapadna Azija

1. Afroazijske rěče (formerly Hamito-Semitic, widely disputed, comprised of the undisputed Semitic, Berber, Chadic, Cushitic and Omotic language families and the Coptic language isolate)
2. Nigerokonžske rěče (sometimes Niger-Kordofanian)
3. Nilosaharske rěče
4. Khoe rěče (part of the Khoisan proposal)
5. Tuu rěče (part of Khoisan)

[wobdźěłać] Europa and sewjerna, zapadna, a Južna Azija

1. Indoeuropske rěče
2. Drawidske rěče
3. Northwest Caucasian rěče (often included in North Caucasian)
4. Northeast Caucasian rěče (often included in North Caucasian)
5. Hurro-Urartian rěče (extinct, perhaps related to Northeast Caucasian)
6. Kartvelian (South Caucasian)
7. Altajske rěče (widely disputed; usually considered to consist of the Turkic, Mongolic, and Tungusic branches, with Korean-Jeju, Japonic, Ainu, and Nivkh sometimes included in more speculative versions)
8. Uralske rěče
9. Yukaghir rěče
10. Chukotko-Kamchatkan rěče
11. Yeniseian rěče
12. Andamanese rěče (perhaps two families)
13. Aegean (an extinct language family including Etruscan, Lemnian and Helvetian)

[wobdźěłać] Wuchodna Azija, Južnowuchodna Azija, a Pacific

1. Austroasiatic rěče
2. Austronesian rěče
3. Buyeo rěče (also Puyŏ, Fuyu) [extinct, perhaps related to Japonic]
4. Hmong-Mien rěče
5. Japonic rěče
6. Sino-Tibetan rěče
7. Tai-Kadai rěče

[wobdźěłać] Papuanske rěče

1. Baining rěče
2. Border rěče
3. Central Solomons rěče
4. East Bird's Head-Sentani rěče
5. Eastern Trans-Fly rěče (one in Australia)
6. East Geelvink Bay rěče
7. Lakes Plain rěče (upper Mamberamo River)
8. Left May-Kwomtari rěče
9. Mairasi rěče
10. Nimboran rěče
11. North Bougainville rěče
12. Piawi rěče
13. Ramu-Lower Sepik rěče
14. Senagi rěče
15. Sepik rěče
16. Skou rěče
17. South Bougainville rěče
18. South-Central Papuan rěče
19. Tor-Kwerba rěče
20. Torricelli rěče
21. West Papuan rěče
22. Yuat rěče

[wobdźěłać] Awstralske aboriginalske rěče

1. Bunaban rěče
2. Daly rěče
3. Limilngan rěče
4. Djeragan rěče
5. Nyulnyulan rěče
6. Wororan rěče
7. Mindi rěče
8. Arnhem Land rěče (3 families and 2 isolates)
9. Gunwinyguan rěče
10. Pama-Nyungan rěče

[wobdźěłać] Sewjerna Amerika

See main article, Native American languages

1. Algic rěče (incl. Algonquian rěče) (29)
2. Alsean rěče (2)
3. Caddoan rěče (5)
4. Chimakuan rěče (2)
5. Chinookan rěče (3)
6. Chumashan rěče (6)
7. Comecrudan rěče (3)
8. Coosan rěče (2)
9. Eskimo-Aleut rěče (7)
10. Guacurian rěče (a.k.a. Waikurian) (8)
11. Iroquoian rěče (11)
12. Kalapuyan rěče (3)
13. Kiowa-Tanoan rěče (7)
14. Maiduan rěče (4)
15. Mayan rěče (North America & Central America) (31)
16. Mixe-Zoquean rěče (North America) (19)
17. Muskogean rěče (6)
18. Na-Dené rěče (40)
19. Oto-Manguean rěče (North America & Central America) (27)
20. Palaihnihan rěče (2)
21. Plateau Penutian rěče (a.k.a. Shahapwailutan) (4)
22. Pomoan rěče (7)
23. Salishan rěče (23)
24. Shastan rěče (4)
25. Siouan rěče (16)
26. Tequistlatecan rěče (3)
27. Totonacan rěče (2)
28. Tsimshian rěče (2)
29. Utian rěče (12)
30. Uto-Aztecan rěče (31)
31. Wakashan rěče (6)
32. Wintuan rěče (4)
33. Yokutsan rěče (3)
34. Yukian rěče (2)
35. Yuman-Cochimí rěče (11)

[wobdźěłać] Centralna Amerika a Južna Amerika

See main article, Native American languages

1. Alacalufan rěče (South America) (2)
2. Algic rěče (North American & Central America) (29)
3. Arauan rěče (South America) (8)
4. Araucanian rěče (South America) (2)
5. Arawakan rěče (South America, Caribbean) (73)
6. Arutani-Sape rěče (South America) (2)
7. Aymaran rěče (South America) (3)
8. Barbacoan rěče (South America) (7)
9. Cahuapanan rěče (South America) (2)
10. Carib rěče (South America) (29)
11. Chapacura-Wanham rěče (South America) (5)
12. Chibchan rěče (Central America & South America) (22)
13. Choco rěče (South America) (10)
14. Chon rěče (South America) (2)
15. Comecrudan rěče (North America & Central America) (3)
16. Guacurian rěče (a.k.a. Waikurian) (8)
17. Harakmbet rěče (South America) (2)
18. Ge rěče (South America) (13)
19. Jicaquean rěče (Central America)
20. Jivaroan rěče (South America) (4)
21. Katukinan rěče (South America) (3)
22. Lencan rěče (Central America)
23. Lule-Vilela rěče (South America) (1)
24. Macro-Ge rěče (South America) (32)
25. Maku rěče (South America) (6)
26. Mascoian rěče (South America) (5)
27. Mashakalian rěče (South America)
28. Mataco-Guaicuru rěče (South America) (11)
29. Mayan rěče (North and Central America) (31)
30. Misumalpan rěče (Central America) (9)
31. Mosetenan rěče (South America) (1)
32. Mura rěče (South America) (1)
33. Na-Dené rěče (North America & Central America) (40)
34. Nambiquaran rěče (South America) (5)
35. Oto-Manguean rěče (North America & Central America) (27)
36. Paezan rěče (South America) (1)
37. Panoan rěče (South America) (30)
38. Peba-Yaguan rěče (South America) (2)
39. Quechuan rěče (South America) (46)
40. Salivan rěče (South America) (2)
41. Tacanan rěče (South America) (6)
42. Tequistlatecan rěče (Central America) (3)
43. Tucanoan rěče (South America) (25)
44. Tupi rěče (South America) (70)
45. Uru-Chipaya rěče (South America) (2)
46. Uto-Aztecan rěče (North America & Central America) (31)
47. Witotoan rěče (South America) (6)
48. Xincan rěče (Central America)
49. Yanomam rěče (South America) (4)
50. Yuman-Cochimi rěče (North America & Central America) (11)
51. Zamucoan rěče (South America) (2)
52. Zaparoan rěče (South America) (7)

[wobdźěłać] Izolowane rěče

[wobdźěłać] Centralna & Južna Amerika

1. Aikaná (Brazil: Rondônia)
2. Andoque (Colombia, Peru)
3. Aymara (Bolivia)
4. Betoi (Colombia)
5. Camsá (Colombia)
6. Canichana (Bolivia)
7. Cayubaba (Bolivia)
8. Cofán (Colombia, Ecuador)
9. Huaorani (a.k.a. Sabela, Waorani, Waodani) (Ecuador, Peru)
10. Irantxe (Brazil: Mato Grosso)
11. Itonama (Bolivia)
12. Jotí (Venezuela)
13. Koayá (Brazil: Rondônia)
14. Mapudungun (Chile, Argentina)
15. Movima (Bolivia)
16. Munichi (Peru)
17. Nambiquaran (Brazil: Mato Grosso)
18. Omurano (Peru)
19. Otí (Brazil: São Paulo) [extinct]
20. Pankararú (Brazil: Pernambuco)
21. Puelche (Argentina,Chile)
22. Puinave (Colombia)
23. Puquina (Bolivia) [extinct]
24. Taushiro (Peru)
25. Tequiraca (Peru)
26. Ticuna (Colombia, Peru, Brazil)
27. Warao (Guyana, Surinam, Venezuela)
28. Yámana (a.k.a Yagan) (Chile)
29. Yuracare (Bolivia)
30. Yuri (Colombia, Brazil)
31. Yurumanguí (Colombia)

[wobdźěłać] Sewjerna Amerika

1. Chimariko (US: California)
2. Chitimacha (US: Lousiania)
3. Coahuilteco (US: Texas, northeast Mexico)
4. Cuitlatec (Mexico: Guerrero) [extinct]
5. Esselen (US: California)
6. Haida (Canada: British Columbia; US: Alaska)
7. Huave (Mexico: Oaxaca)
8. Karankawa (US: Texas) [extinct]
9. Karok (a.k.a. Karuk) (US: California)
10. Keres (US: New Mexico)
11. Kootenai (Canada: British Columbia; US: Idaho, Montana)
12. Natchez (US: Mississippi, Louisiana) (sometimes linked to Muskogean)
13. P'urhépecha (a.k.a. Tarascan) (Mexico: Michoacán)
14. Salinan (US: California)
15. Seri (Mexico: Sonora)
16. Siuslaw (US: Oregon)
17. Takelma (US: Oregon)
18. Timucua (US: Florida, Georgia)
19. Tonkawa (US: Texas) [extinct]
20. Tunica (US: Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas)
21. Washo (US: California, Nevada)
22. Yana (US: California)
23. Yuchi (US: Georgia, Oklahoma)
24. Zuni (a.k.a. Shiwi) (US: New Mexico)

[wobdźěłać] Awstralia

1. Enindhilyagwa (AKA Andilyaugwa, Anindilyakwa)
2. Laragiya
3. Minkin [extinct; perhaps a member of Yiwaidjan or Tankic]
4. Ngurmbur (perhaps a member of Macro-Pama-Nyungan)
5. Tiwi (Melville and Bathurst Islands)

[wobdźěłać] Nowa Guinea

1. Abinomn (Baso, Foia) (north Irian)
2. Anêm (New Britain)
3. Ata (Pele-Ata, Wasi) (New Britain)
4. Busa (Sandaun)
5. Isirawa (north Irian)
6. Kol (New Britain)
7. Kuot (Panaras) (New Ireland)
8. Massep
9. Kwotari-Baibai (a.k.a. Pyu)
10. Sulka (New Britain)
11. Taiap (Gapun) (Sepik)
12. Yalë (Nagatman) (Sandaun)
13. Yawa (Geelvink Bay)
14. Yélî Dnye (Yele) (Rennell Island)
15. Yuri (Karkar) (Sandaun)

[wobdźěłać] Azija

1. Ainu (rěč) or languages (Japan, Russia) (like Arabic or Japanese, the diversity within Ainu is large enough that some consider it to be perhaps up to a dozen languages while others consider it a single language with high dialectal diversity)
2. Nivkh or Gilyak (Russia) (sometimes linked to Chukchi-Kamchatkan)
3. Korean (North & South Korea, China, USA) (sometimes linked to Altaic; its dialect Jeju is often considered a different language)
4. Kusunda (Nepal) (sometimes linked to Nihali or Indo-Pacific)
5. Kalto or Nihali (India) (sometimes linked to Munda, Kusunda or Ainu)
6. Burushaski (Pakistan, India) (sometimes linked to Yeniseian)
7. Elamite (Iran) [extinct] (sometimes linked to Dravidian)
8. Sumerian (Iraq) [extinct]
9. Hattic (Turkey) [extinct] (sometimes linked to Northwest Caucasian)

[wobdźěłać] Afrika

1. Hadza (Tanzania)
2. Sandawe (Tanzania)
3. Juu (Angola, Botswana, Namibia)
4. ǂQhôã (Botswana) (may be related to Juu)

(all sometimes included under Khoisan)

[wobdźěłać] Europa

1. Basque (Spain, France) (related to extinct Aquitanian)
2. Etruscan (Italy) [extinct; part of the poorly attested Tyrrhenian family]

[wobdźěłać] Njeklasifikowane rěče

Languages are considered unclassified either because, for one reason or another, little effort has been made to compare them with other languages, or, more commonly, because they are too poorly documented to permit reliable classification. Most such languages are extinct and most likely will never be known well enough to classify.

[wobdźěłać] Europa

1. Iberian (Spain) [extinct]
2. Tartessian (Spain, Portugal) [extinct]

[wobdźěłać] Afrika

1. Shabo
2. Meroitic [extinct]

[wobdźěłać] Azija

1. Quti [extinct]
2. Kaskian [extinct]
3. Cimmerian [extinct]

[wobdźěłać] Awstralia

1. Tasmanian languages [extinct]

[wobdźěłać] Južna Amerika

1. Baenan (Brazil) [extinct]
2. Culle (Peru) [extinct]
3. Cunza (Chile, Bolivia, Argentina) [extinct]
4. Gamela (Brazil: Maranhão) [extinct]
5. Gorgotoqui (Bolivia) [extinct]
6. Huamoé (Brazil: Pernambuco) [extinct]
7. Kukurá (Brazil: Mato Grosso) [extinct]
8. Natú (Brazil: Pernambuco) [extinct]
9. Tarairiú (Brazil: Rio Grande do Norte)
10. Tuxá (Brazil: Bahia, Pernambuco) [extinct]
11. Xokó (Brazil: Alagoas, Pernambuco) [extinct]
12. Xukurú (Brazil: Pernambuco, Paraíba) [extinct]
13. Yurumanguí (Colombia) [extinct]

[wobdźěłać] Sewjerna Amerika

1. Adai (US: Louisiana, Texas) [extinct]
2. Alagüilac (Guatemala)
3. Aranama-Tamique (US: Texas) [extinct]
4. Atakapa (US: Louisiana, Texas) [extinct]
5. Beothuk (Canada: Newfoundland) [extinct]
6. Calusa (US: Florida) [extinct]
7. Cayuse (US: Oregon, Washington) [extinct]
8. Cotoname (northeast Mexico; US: Texas) [extinct]
9. Maratino (northeastern Mexico) [extinct]
10. Naolan (Mexico: Tamaulipas) [extinct]
11. Quinigua (northeast Mexico) [extinct]
12. Solano (northeast Mexico; US: Texas) [extinct]

[wobdźěłać] Kreolske rěče, pidginy, mixed rěče, and trade rěče

• American Indian Pidgin English
• Basque-Algonquian Pidgin (a.k.a. Micmac-Basque Pidgin, Souriquois)
• Bislamic languages
  • Australian Creole (a.k.a. Kriol)
  • Bislama
  • Pijin
  • Tok Pisin
  • Torres Strait Creole (a.k.a. Broken, Cape York Creole, Lockhart Creole)
• Broken Oghibbeway (a.k.a. Broken Ojibwa)
• Broken Slavey (a.k.a. Slavey Jargon, Broken Slavé)
• Callahuaya (a.k.a. Machaj-Juyai, Kallawaya)
• Carib Pidgin (a.k.a. Ndjuka-Amerindian Pidgin, Ndjuka-Trio)
• Carib Pidgin-Arawak Mixed Language
• Catalangu
• Chabacano - A Spanish creole spoken in mostly in southern Philippines.
• Chinook Jargon
• Creole (a.k.a. Capeverdian Creole, Crioulo, Kriol, Caboverdiano, Kabuverdianu)
• Delaware Jargon (a.k.a. Pidgin Delaware)
• Englog & Taglish - English creoles spoken in the Philippines.
• Eskimo Trade Jargon (a.k.a. Herschel Island Eskimo Pidgin, Ship's Jargon)
• Greenlandic Eskimo Pidgin
• Guajiro-Spanish
• Güegüence-Nicarao
• Haida Jargon
• Haitian creole
• Hawaiian Creole English
• Hiri Motu
• Hudson Strait Pidgin
• International Sign or Gestuno - constructed language
• Inuktitut-English Pidgin
• Jargonized Powhatan
• Kutenai Jargon
• Labrador Eskimo Pidgin (a.k.a. Labrador Inuit Pidgin)
• Lingua Franca Apalachee
• Lingua Franca Creek
• Lingua franca
• Língua Geral do Norte (a.k.a. Old Tupi, Língua Geral Amazônica, Língua Boa, Língua Brasílica), and its modern descendent, Nheengatu
• Lingua Geral do Sul (a.k.a. Língua Geral Paulista, Tupi Austral)
• Loucheux Jargon (a.k.a. Jargon Loucheux)
• Media Lengua
• Mednyj Aleut (a.k.a. Copper Island Aleut, Medniy Aleut, CIA)
• Michif (a.k.a. French Cree, Métis, Metchif, Mitchif, Métchif)
• Mobilian Jargon (a.k.a. Mobilian Trade Jargon, Chickasaw-Chocaw Trade Language, Yamá
• Montagnais Pidgin Basque (a.k.a. Pidgin Basque-Montagnais)
• Norfuk
• Nootka Jargon
• Ocaneechi
• Papiamento
• Pitkern
• Pidgin Massachusett
• Rusnorsk
• Sango

[wobdźěłać] Proposed language stocks

Alarodian Almosan (= Sapir's Algonkin-Wakashan) Almosan-Keresiouan Algonkian-Gulf Amerind Central Amerind Andean languages Aztec-Tanoan Austric Chibchan-Paezan Coahuiltecan Dene-Caucasian Equatorial languages Eurasiatic Gulf languages Hokan languages Hokan-Siouan Ibero-Caucasian Indo-Pacific

Keresiouan Kongo-Saharan Macro-Carib Macro-Ge Macro-Mayan Macro-Panoan Macro-Siouan Macro-Tucanoan Mosan Na-Dene (Sapir's) Nostratic Nostratic-Amerind Penutian Pontic Proto-World Quechumaran Ural-Altaic Wappo-Yukian

[wobdźěłać] Externe wotkazy

• http://www.ethnologue.com/web.asp
• http://gebaren.ugent.be
• http://www.elanguages.info - articles, products, & info about language learning online
• Number of speakers by language

[wobdźěłać] Bibliographija

• Boas, Franz. (1911). Handbook of American Indian languages (Vol. 1). Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 40. Washington: Government Print Office (Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology).
• Boas, Franz. (1922). Handbook of American Indian languages (Vol. 2). Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 40. Washington: Government Print Office (Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology).
• Boas, Franz. (1933). Handbook of American Indian languages (Vol. 3). Native American legal materials collection, title 1227. Glückstadt: J.J. Augustin.
• Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509427-1.
• Campbell, Lyle; & Mithun, Marianne (Eds.). (1979). The languages of native America: Historical and comparative assessment. Austin: University of Texas Press.
• Goddard, Ives (Ed.). (1996). Languages. Handbook of North American Indians (W. C. Sturtevant, General Ed.) (Vol. 17). Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution. ISBN 0-16-048774-9.
• Goddard, Ives. (1999). Native languages and language families of North America (rev. and enlarged ed. with additions and corrections). [Map]. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press (Smithsonian Institute). (Updated version of the map in Goddard 1996). ISBN 0-8032-9271-6.
• Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (Ed.). (2005). Ethnologue: Languages of the world (15th ed.). Dallas, TX: SIL International. ISBN 1-55671-159-X. (Online version: http://www.ethnologue.com).
• Greenberg, Joseph H. (1966). The Languages of Africa (2nd ed.). Bloomington: Indiana University.
• Mithun, Marianne. (1999). The languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-23228-7 (hbk); ISBN 0-521-29875-X.
• Ross, Malcom. (2005). Pronouns as a preliminary diagnostic for grouping Papuan languages. In: Andrew Pawley, Robert Attenborough, Robin Hide and Jack Golson, eds, Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples [3]
• Ruhlen, Merritt. (1987). A guide to the world's languages. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
• Sturtevant, William C. (Ed.). (1978-present). Handbook of North American Indians (Vol. 1-20). Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution. (Vols. 1-3, 16, 18-20 not yet published).
• Voegelin, C. F.; & Voegelin, F. M. (1977). Classification and index of the world's languages. New York: Elsevier.