ಕೀಟಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ

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ಈ ಲೇಖನವನ್ನು Entomology ಆಂಗ್ಲ ಪುಟದಿಂದ ಅನುವಾದ ಮಾಡಬೇಕಿದೆ. ನೀವೂ ಸಹಾಯ ಮಾಡಬಹುದು.

ಕೀಟಗಳ ಬಗೆಗಿನ ವೈಜ್ಞಾನಿಕ ಅಧ್ಯಯನಕ್ಕೆ ಕೀಟಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ ಎನ್ನಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಕೀಟಗಳು ಹಲವಾರು ವಿಧಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಮಾನವ ಜನಾಂಗದೊಡನೆ ಹಾಗೂ ಭೂಮಿಯಲ್ಲಿನ ಇತರ ಜೀವರಾಶಿಯೊಡನೆ ಒಡನಾಡುವುದರಿಂದ ಈ ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರವು ಜೀವಶಾಸ್ತ್ರದ ವಿಭಾಗಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ವಿಶೇಷ ಪ್ರಾಮುಖ್ಯತೆ ಪಡೆದಿದೆ. ಕೀಟಶಾಸ್ತ್ರಜ್ಞರಲ್ಲಿ ಎರಡು ವಿಧದ ಜನರಿದ್ದಾರೆ. ಕೀಟಗಳ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ವೈಜ್ಞಾನಿಕವಾಗಿ ಸಂಶೋಧನೆ ನಡೆಸಿ, ಅಧ್ಯಯನ ಮಾಡುವವರು; ಮತ್ತು ಕೀಟಗಳನ್ನು ನಿಯಂತ್ರಿಸಲು, ತಡೆಗಟ್ಟಲು ನೇಮಕಗೊಂಡಿರುವ ಉದ್ಯೋಗಿಗಳು. ಈ ಕಾರಣದಿಂದಾಗಿ ಕೀಟಶಾಸ್ತ್ರವು ಮೂಲಭೂತ ಕೀಟಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ(ಬೇಸಿಕ್ ಎಂಟಮಾಲಜಿ) ಮತ್ತು ಅಳವಡಿಕೆಯಾದ ಕೀಟಶಾಸ್ತ್ರವೆಂದು(ಅಪ್ಪ್ಲೈಡ್ ಎಂಟಮಾಲಜಿ) ಎರಡು ವಿಭಾಗಗಳಾಗಿವೆ.

ಕೀಟಶಾಸ್ತ್ರದ ವಿಸ್ತೀರ್ಣವು ಕೆಲವೊಮ್ಮೆ ಇತರೆ ಜೈವಿಕ ವಿಷಯಗಳಾದ ಜೇಡ, ಚೇಳು ಇತ್ಯಾದಿ ಆರ್ಥ್ರಾಪಾಡ್‍ಗಳ ಅಧ್ಯಯನವನ್ನೂ ಒಳಗೊಂಡಿರುತ್ತದೆ.

[ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಿ] ಕೀಟಶಾಸ್ತ್ರದ ಇತಿಹಾಸ

ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಕಡಿಮೆ ಎಲ್ಲ ಮಾನವ ಸಂಸ್ಕೃತಿಗಳಲ್ಲೂ ಇತಿಹಾಸಪೂರ್ವ ಕಾಲದಿಂದಲೂ ಕೀಟಶಾಸ್ತ್ರವು ತನ್ನ ಬೇರುಗಲನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿದೆ . ಆದರೆ ವೈಜ್ಞಾನಿಕ ಅಧ್ಯಯನವು ೧೬ನೇ ಶತಮಾನದಿಂದಷ್ಟೇ ಪ್ರಾರಂಭವಾಯಿತು.

[ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಿ] ಅನ್ವಯಿಕ ಕೀಟಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ

ಅನೇಕ ಕೀಟಶಾಸ್ತ್ರಜ್ಞರು ಮಾನವರಿಗೆ ನೇರವಾಗಿ ಉಪಕಾರಿಯಾದ ಮತ್ತು ಅಪಾಯಕಾರಿಯಾದ ಕೀಟಗಳ ಅಧ್ಯಯನದಲ್ಲಿ ತೊಡಗಿದ್ದಾರೆ. ಉಪಕಾರಿ ಕೀಟಗಳನ್ನು ಹೇಗೆ ಬೆಳೆಸಬೇಕು ಮತ್ತು ಹೇಗೆ ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಉತ್ಪಾದಕವಾಗಿ ಮಾಡಬೇಕು ಎಂಬ ತಿಳುವಳಿಕೆಯೇ ಮುಖ್ಯವಾದ ಕಾಳಜಿಯಾಗಿದ್ದು ಅವುಗಳ ಅಧ್ಯಯನವು ಮುಖ್ಯವಾಗಿ ಅವುಗಳ ecology ಮತ್ತು life habits ಗಳ ಮೇಲೆ ಕೇಂದ್ರಿತವಾಗಿದೆ

Conversely, much of the study of insects (and related arthropods) that directly harm human beings (called medical entomology) is focused on their physiology, with the goal of developing insect controls that are effective while minimizing undesirable side effects. For instance, many types of insecticides have been developed that target unique aspects of insect physiology and are thus harmless to other kinds of animals. A risk to this approach is that insecticides can also kill beneficial insects. Considerable recent effort has gone into finding biological controls such as species-specific parasites and diseases, as well as genetic controls, such as the introduction of sterile insects into a population. The combination of taking into account all aspects of insect biology, available control measures, economics, and environmental considerations is known as integrated pest management.

Forensic entomology specializes in the study of insect ecology for use in the legal system, as knowledge of insect behavior can yield useful information about crimes. For example, the approximate time of death or whether or not a victim was alive during a fire may be determined by using facts such as what stage of the life cycle an insect found at the scene is in.

[ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಿ] Taxonomic specialization

Part of a large beetle collection

Many entomologists specialize in a single order or even a family of insects, and a number of these subspecialties have their own names, derived from the scientific name of the group:

Apiology (or melittology) - bees
Coleopterology - beetles
Dipterology - flies
Heteropterology - true bugs
Lepidopterology - moths and butterflies
Myrmecology - ants
Orthopterology - grasshoppers, crickets, etc.
Trichopterology - caddis flies

[ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಿ] Organizations

Like other scientific specialties, entomologists have a number of local, national, and international organizations. There are also many organizations specializing in specific subareas.

Amateur Entomologists' Society
Entomological Society of America
Deutsches Entomologisches Institut
Royal Entomological Society of London
Royal Belgian Entomological Society
Société Entomologique de France
International Union for the Study of Social Insects

For a complete list, see the Entomology Index.

[ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಿ] Museums

Many museums contain very large and important insect collections. Here is a list of some of the most important.

Europe

Natural History Museum, Vienna Naturhistorisches Museum.
Natural History Museum, Paris [[Mus�um national d'Histoire naturelle]]
Natural History Museum, Berlin Humboldt Museum
Natural History Museum, London Natural History Museum
Royal Museum for Central Africa, Brussels Royal Museum for Central Africa
Natural History Museum, Leiden Natural History Museum, Leiden
Natural History Museum, Sweden Swedish Museum of Natural History
Natural History Museum, St. Petersburg Zoological Collection of the Russian Academy of Science

United States

National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC
American Museum of Natural History, New York
California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco
Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago
Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles
Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia
University of Kansas Natural History Museum, Lawrence, KS
Cornell University Insect Collection, Ithaca, NY
Harvard Museum of Natural History, Cambridge, MA
Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign, IL
Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
Essig Museum of Entomology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley
Entomology Research Museum, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA
Florida State Collection of Arthropods, Gainesville
University of Nebraska State Museum, Lincoln, NE
Peabody Museum of Natural History, New Haven
Texas A&M University Insect Collection, College Station, TX

Canada

Canadian National Collection, Ottawa
Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto
Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa

For information on other insect collections see

[ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಿ] Insects and Disease

Insects, chiefly Diptera are vectors for a wide range of deadly diseases.This [1] North Carolina website discusses some. Mosquitoes are especially important disease vectors.Also see this very useful "Compendium of References on Flies and Disease [2]

[ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಿ] Identification of insects

Insects are identified by the use of Identification keys and Monographs. Because the class Insecta contains a very large number of species and the characters separating them are unfamiliar, this is often very difficult even for a specialist.

Insect identification is an increasingly common hobby, with butterflies and dragonflies being the most popular. Sites such as BugGuide.net, What's That Bug? and InsectAsylum cater to those wanting to find out about an insect they have seen or captured by posting insect photographs and responding to requests for identification help.