簡譜
出自維基百科，自由嘅百科全書
簡譜，叫做數字譜，係一隻主要用數字寫嘅樂譜。起源於法國，後尾德國人改良而成。自從1904年引入中國之後，響中國大行其道。德文叫Ziffersystem，直譯英文即係cipher system或者number system，即係用數字起嘅系統。
目錄 |
[編輯] 史
簡譜因為都幾簡單，所以可以有好多個獨自發明都唔奇。
Souhaitty C. Willems寫過本The Story of Notation，裹面就有講巴黎方濟會修士響1677年就將1234567代入唱名ut, re, me, fa, sol, la, se，亦有加點表明響個譜嘅位置。
法國人盧梭(Jean-Jacques Rousseau)就響1742年，響法國科學院(French Academy of Sciences)講佢呢個發明。
[編輯] 系統
[編輯] 音符
音符用1234567七個數字表示。呢七個等於大調嘅自然音階。如果係C大調，加埋音名，就會係咁：
音階: C D E F G A B 音名: do re mi fa sol la si 數字: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
[編輯] 八度
如果係高八度，就會響數字上面加點。如果係低八度，就會數字下面加點。響中間八度就乜都唔使加。如果再高多八度，就上面打直加兩點；再低多八度，就響下面加兩點，如此類推。就好似下面咁：
.
大調: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1
小調: 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6
· ·
[編輯] 音長
通常齋數字係四分音符。下面加一間(間讀澗)，就會整短佢，每加一條就縮一半。加一間係八分音符，兩間係十六分音符，如此類推。呢個方法就似五綫譜音符會加條尾咁。綫可以連埋做一條，好似五綫譜咁。如果數字後面打橫加一間，就會加長個音，每加一條就就長一拍(四分音符)。
後面加點就係將個音加長一半。加兩點就係加長一半之餘，再加長成個音嘅一半，即係加長四分三，同五綫譜一樣。不過有個地方同五綫譜，簡譜後尾一間加多一點，只會多多一間四分音符嘅一半，唔似五綫譜會成個音加一半。
全音符: 1 - - - 加一點: 1 - - - - - 加兩點: 1 - - - - - -
二分音符: 1 - 加一點: 1 - - 加兩點: 1 - - ·
四分音符: 1 加一點: 1· 加兩點: 1··
八分音符: 1 加一點: 1· 加兩點: 1··
十六分音符: 1
=
[編輯] 休止符
休止符用0來表示。長過四分休止符，就只係每一個四分休止符多個0，唔使用後面加條橫綫。如果成個小節都係無聲。就每個四分音符一個0，好似3拍4就寫成"| 0 0 0 |"，而4拍4就寫成| 0 0 0 0 |。呢方面唔似五綫譜唔同音長有唔同休止符。
[編輯] 無音高音符
敲擊樂無音高嘅，就用X或者x寫。例如啦啦隊拍手，就寫成咁：
4/4 > > 拍手: | X X X X X | X X X X 0 X X ||
[編輯] 小節綫
每個小節尾就加一棟做小節綫。加兩棟做雙小節綫，表示音樂到尾，有時重學五綫譜一粗一幼。而重覆同五綫譜一樣，綫前面加兩點。
[編輯] 拍號
拍號就寫到好似分數(分讀份)咁：2/4, 3/4, 4/4, 6/8,等等。通常都擺響調號後面。拍號可以用音樂擺埋一行，又或者擺響上面。
[編輯] 變調同調號
調號可以用兩隻方法。可以就咁寫C調，C小調，又或者Key: C, Key: Cm。亦都可以寫明1代表邊個音，例1=C，就係C 大調。6=C就係C小調。2=D就係多利安調。
五綫譜有升降號，簡譜一樣係咁用。符號就加響1234567數字前面，等個音升或者降。而調號同和弦CDEFGAB七個字母呢，個升降號就加響佢後面。
升降號有樣嘢要留心。五綫譜上面，C小調就將B-E-A三個音降低半個音。所以我哋寫佢個和聲小調，就會放個還原號放響B♭前面。簡譜就一定寫♯5，因為5唔可降到。
[編輯] 延音綫, 圓滑綫, 同其他音樂符號
簡譜延音綫(Tie)同圓滑綫(slur)都係同五綫譜一樣，只過係一定要放響數字上面。其他表現提示都係學五綫譜咁寫。而跳音(staccato)就要小心啲寫，因為佢同低八度嘅點好似。所以一係個點粗啲加埋寫得落啲，一係就用短跳音(staccatissimo)嘅倒轉三角細嘜。
[編輯] 變種
有啲簡譜將原本響下嘅綫劃咗上上面，而延音綫同圓滑綫就響上面。
有啲版本又會唔用點表示上下八度，而係畫一條長綫。數字寫響綫上中下。
[編輯] History and Usage
Although the system is used to some extent in Germany, France, and Holland, and more by the Mennonites in Russia, it has never become popular in the Western world. See the external links for more information.
The system is very popular among some Asian people. Some Chinese people can sight read jianpu but not the standard notation. Some Chinese hymnals and Cantopop song books are published exclusively in jianpu. Many modern Chinese-English bilingual hymnals add jianpu of the melody above the standard notation, and make use of it in the index for the songs.
An index using the numbered notation allows us to find a song if we remember the tune but not the name. To appreciate that, we can look at an example. A children's song book may have an index like this:
|1· 1· |1 23· | Row, row, row your boat |1 1 5 5 |6 6 5 - | Twinkle, twinkle little star |1 2 3 1 |1 2 3 1 | Frere Jacques
A reason of its popularity among Chinese is that jianpu fits in with the Chinese music tradition. It is a natural extension and unification of the gongche notation widely used in ancient China for recording music. Gongche uses a number of characters to indicate the musical notes, and jianpu can be seen as using numbers to replace those characters.
Compared to the standard notation, the numbered notation is very compact for just the melody line. It is even possible to transcribe music in between the lines of text. Transcribing harmony can be done by vertically stacking the notes, but the advantage of compactness decreases as the harmony becomes more complex.
[編輯] 例
下面係兩幅圖可以比較下同一支歌，五綫譜同簡譜嘅分別：
[編輯] 出面網頁
- A page in The Life and Work of Jean-Jacques Rousseau shows his published work.
- Ziffersystem (Numerical Musical Notation) in the Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online.
- Canaan Hymnal (Simplified Chinese) is an example of a Chinese hymn book written in jianpu.
- Can You Shake It? The Angklung of Southeast Asia has examples of cipher notation used in South Asian music.
- Magith is a shareware to create music using numbered musical notation.
- S-Music Alpha version is a freeware editor for simplified music notation.
