Bata
From Wikipedia
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 Bata domo-njano
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Mabata ni ndege wa maji wa familia ya Anatidae wenye midomo mifupi na mipana na miguu yenye ngozi kati ya vidole. Manyoya yao huwa na uwezo bora wa kufukuza maji kwa msaada wa mafuta maalumu. Mabata ndiyo moja ya familia za ndege ambazo spishi zao zina uume, kwa sababu mabata wanapandana majini tu.
Ndege hawa wana rangi mbalimbali. Spishi kubwa hutafuta chakula aghalabu ardhini au kwa maji machache. Spishi ndogo nyingine hula mimea ya maji na huzamia kichwa chao tu, nyingine huzamia kabisa ili kukamata samaki, wanyamakombe au mimea ya maji, lakini spishi chache hutafuta chakula ardhini. Hujenga matago yao ardhini, juu ya mwamba, ndani ya shimo la miti au ndani ya pango la sungura.
Nyonya za spishi kadha wa kadha zinapendwa sana kama kijazo cha mito, mifarishi, mafuko ya kulalia na makoti. Spishi nyingi za mabata hutumika kama chakula.
Wataalamu hawakubaliana kuhusu uainisho wa mabata ndani ya familia yao. Kuna miainisho mbalimbali na mmoja tu unaonyeshwa hapa:
[edit] Dendrocygninae: Mabata-miti
Mabata wenye miguu mirefu ambao wanafanana na mabata bukini. Jenasi moja itokeayo kila mahali pa kufaa nchini kwa tropiki:
- Dendrocygna (spishi 9)
[edit] Thalassorninae: Kotwe
Wana mnasaba na Dendrocygninae, lakini wanafanana na familia ndogo Oxyurinae. Jenasi moja kwa Afrika:
- Thalassornis (spishi 1)
[edit] Anserinae: Mabata-maji na mabata bukini
Spishi 27 za mabata wakubwa ndani ya jenasi 7 ambazo zinatokea kanda za halijoto wastani hasa kaskazini mwa ikweta lakini spishi chache kusini mwa ikweta (spishi kadhaa, kama bata-maji domo-fundo, zimewasilishwa kwa Afrika):
- Coscoroba (Bata-maji wa Coscoroba, spishi 1)
- Cygnus (Mabata-maji, spishi 7, spishi 4 zimeainishwa pengini ndani ya jenasi Olor)
- Anser (Mabata bukini kahawia, spishi 7)
- Chen (Mabata bukini weupe, spishi 3)
- Branta (Mabata bukini weusi, spishi 8)
- Cereopsis (Bata Bukini wa Cape Barren, spishi 1, imeainishwa pengine ndani ya familia ndogo Tadorninae)
- Cnemiornis (Bata Bukini wa New Zealand, imekwisha sasa)
[edit] Stictonettinae: Bata madoadoa
Jenasi moja kwa Australia ambayo ilikuwa imeainishwa zamani ndani ya Oxyurina, lakini anatomia yake ionyesha mnasaba na Anserinae:
- Stictonetta (spishi 1)
[edit] Plectropterinae: Bata bukini bawa-kijani
Jenasi moja kwa Afrika ambayo ilikuwa imeainishwa zamani kama 'bata anayetua', lakini iko karibu zaidi na Tadorninae:
- Plectropterus (spishi 1)
[edit] Tadorninae: Mabata wa nchi kavu
Jamii hii ya mabata makubwa wanaotokea mara nyingi nchini kavu ni kati ya Anserinae na Anatinae. Juzijuzi wataalamu wameainisha jenasi 10 na spishi 23 (moja imekwisha labda) ndani ya familia ndogo hii, nyingi zaidi kutoka kusini mwa ikweta:
- Sarkidiornis (Comb Duck, spishi 1)
- Pachyanas (Chatham Island Duck, imekwisha sasa)
- Tadorna (shelducks, spishi 7, moja imekwisha yumkini)
- Malacorhynchus (Pink-eared Duck, spishi 1)
- Centrornis (Madagascar Sheldgoose, imekwisha sasa)
- Alopochen (Bata Bukini wa Misri, spishi 1)
- Neochen (Bata Bukini wa Orinoco, spishi 1)
- Chloephaga (sheldgeese, spishi 5)
- Cyanochen (Bata Bukini Bawa-buluu, spishi 1)
- Hymenolaimus (Bata Buluu, spishi 1)
- Merganetta (Torrent Duck, spishi 1)
- Tachyeres (steamer ducks, spishi 4)
[edit] Anatinae: Mabata wachovya na wazamaji na moa-nalo
Jamii ya mabata wachovya ambao wanatokea sehemu zote duniani ilikuwa imeainishwa kwa jenasi mbili tu, lakini ina jenasi 8 sasa na spishi 55:
- Pteronetta (Bata wa Hartlaub, spishi 1)
- Cairina (Muscovy and White-winged Wood Ducks, spishi 2)
- Aix (Bata Mdogo wa China na Bata-msitu, spishi 2)
- Nettapus (Mabata Salili, spishi 3)
- Anas (Mabata Wachovya, spishi 40-45)
- Callonetta (Ringed Teal, spishi 1)
- Chenonetta (Bata-msitu wa Australia, spishi 1)
- Amazonetta (Bata wa Brasilia, spishi 1)
Jamii ya mabata wazamaji ambao wantokea sehemu zote duniani ina spishi 16 ndani ya jenasi 3. Marmaronetta ilikuwa imeainishwa zamani miongoni mwa mabata wachovya lakini inaainishwa hapa sasa.
- Marmaronetta (Bata Domo-jembamba, spishi 1)
- Netta (Mabata wazamaji, spishi 4, moja imekwisha yumkini)
- Aythya (Mabata wazamaji, spishi 12, moja imekwisha yumkini)
Jamii ya moa-nalo (jina kwa Kihawaii) ni ya pekee. Mabata hawa walitokea Hawaii lakini wamekwisha sasa. Walikuwa wakubwa sana na domo nene sana na walifanana na mabata bukini ambao hawakuweza kuruka angani. Walikuwa na mnasaba na jenasi Anas.
- Chelychelynechen (Moa-nalo Taya-kasa, imekwisha sasa)
- Thambetochen (Moa-nalo Domo-kuu, spishi 2, zimekwisha sasa)
- Ptaiochen (Moa-nalo Domo-dogo, imekwisha sasa)
[edit] Merginae: Mabata-bahari
Familia ndogo hii ina spishi 20 (moja au mbili zimekwisha). Spishi nyingi zaidi zinatokea kaskazini mwa ikweta, lakini kuna spishi mbili za Mergus kusini mwa ikweta.
- Chendytes (Bata Bukini Mzamaji, imekwisha sasa)
- Polysticta (Steller's Eider, spishi 1)
- Somateria (eiders, spishi 3)
- Histrionicus (Harlequin Duck, spishi 1)
- Camptorhynchus (Bata wa Labrador, imekwisha sasa)
- Melanitta (scoters, spishi 3)
- Clangula (Bata Mkia-mrefu, spishi 1)
- Bucephala (goldeneyes, spishi 3)
- Mergellus (Bata-domomeno Mdogo, spishi 1)
- Lophodytes (Bata-domomeno Ushungi, spishi 1)
- Mergus (Mabata-domomeno, spishi 5, moja imekwisha sasa)
[edit] Oxyurinae: Mabata mkia-ngumu
Jamii ndogo ya mabata iliyo na spishi 8 ndani ya jenasi 4:
- Oxyura (Mabata Mkia-ngumu, spishi 5)
- Nomonyx (Masked Duck, spishi 1)
- Biziura (Musk Duck, spishi 1)
- Heteronetta (Bata Kichwa-cheusi, spishi 1)
[edit] Spishi za Afrika
- Aix galericulata, Bata Mdogo wa China (Mandarin Duck) imewasilishwa
- Aix sponsa, Bata-Msitu (Wood Duck) imewasilishwa
- Alopochen aegyptiaca, Bata Bukini wa Misri (Egyptian Goose)
- Anas acuta, Bata Kipini (Northern Pintail)
- Anas bernieri, Bata Malagasi (Madagascar or Bernier's Teal)
- Anas capensis, Bata Kusi (Cape Teal)
- Anas clypeata, Bata Sepeto (Northern Shoveler)
- Anas crecca, Bata Bawa-kijani (Common Teal)
- Anas erythrorhyncha, Bata Domo-jekundu (Red-billed Teal)
- Anas hottentota, Bata Domo-bluu (Hottentot Teal)
- Anas melleri, Bata wa Meller (Meller’s Duck)
- Anas penelope, Bata Domo-kijivu (Eurasian Wigeon)
- Anas platyrhynchos, Bata wa Ulaya (Mallard) imewasilishwa
- Anas querquedula, Bata Mchirizi-mweupe (Garganey)
- Anas rubripes, Bata Mweusi wa Marekani (American Black Duck) imewasilishwa
- Anas smithii, Bata Sepeto Kusi (Cape Shoveler)
- Anas sparsa, Bata Mweusi (African Black Duck)
- Anas strepera, Bata Kahawia (Gadwall)
- Anas undulata, Bata Domo-njano (Yellow-billed Duck)
- Anser anser, Bata Bukini wa Ulaya (Greylag Goose)
- Anser indicus, Bata Bukini Kichwa-miraba Bar-headed Goose imewasilishwa
- Aythya ferina, Bata Kichwa-chekundu (Common or Northern Pochard)
- Aythya fuligula, Bata Kishungi (Tufted Duck)
- Aythya innotata, Bata Kichwa-kahawia (Madagascar Pochard)
- Aythya nyroca, Bata Macho-meupe (Ferruginous Duck)
- Cyanochen cyanoptera, Bata Bukini Bawa-buluu (Blue-winged Goose)
- Cygnus atratus, Bata-maji Mweusi (Black Swan) imewasilishwa
- Cygnus olor, Bata-maji Domo-fundo (Mute Swan) imewasilishwa
- Dendrocygna autumnalis, Bata-miti Tumbo-jeusi (Black-bellied Whistling Duck)
- Dendrocygna bicolor, Bata-miti Kahawia (Fulvous Whistling Duck)
- Dendrocygna viduata, Bata-miti Uso-mweupe (White-faced Whistling Duck)
- Marmaronetta angustirostris, Bata Domo-jembamba (Marbled Teal)
- Melanitta nigra, Bata-bahari Mweusi (Common Scoter)
- Mergus serrator, Bata-domomeno Kidari-chekundu (Red-breasted Merganser)
- Netta erythrophthalma, Bata Macho-mekundu (Southern Pochard)
- Netta rufina, Bata Kichwa-machungwa (Red-crested Pochard) imewasilishwa
- Nettapus auritus, Bata Salili (African Pygmy Goose)
- Oxyura jamaicensis, Bata Uso-mweupe (Ruddy Duck) imewasilishwa
- Oxyura leucocephala, Bata Kichwa-cheupe (White-headed Duck)
- Oxyura maccoa, Bata Makoa (Maccoa Duck)
- Plectropterus gambensis, Bata Bukini Bawa-kijani (Spur-winged Goose)
- Pteronetta hartlaubii, Bata wa Hartlaub )(Hartlaub's Duck)
- Sarkidiornis melanotos, Bata Nyundo (Knob-billed Duck)
- Tadorna cana, Bata Kichwa-kijivu (South African Shelduck)
- Tadorna ferruginea, Bata Kahwiachekundu (Ruddy Shelduck)
- Tadorna tadorna, Bata Mkufu (Common Shelduck) imewasilishwa
- Thalassornis leuconotus, Bata Kotwe (White-backed Duck)
