57th United States Congress
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The Fifty-seventh United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, comprised of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, DC from March 4, 1901 to March 3, 1903, during the second administration of U.S. President William McKinley, and the first year of the first administration of his successor, U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt.
The apportionment of seats in this House of Representatives was based on the Eleventh Census of the United States in 1890. Both chambers had a Republican majority.
[edit] Dates of sessions
- Special session of the Senate: March 4, 1901 – March 9 - 1901
- First session: December 2, 1901 - July 1, 1902
- Second session: December 1, 1902 - March 3, 1903 — a lame duck session
Previous congress: 56th Congress
Next congress: 58th Congress
[edit] Major events
- Main article: Events of 1905; Events of 1906; Events of 1907
[edit] Major legislation
[edit] Party summary
[edit] Senate
- Democratic: 32
- Republican: 56 (majority)
- Populist: 2
TOTAL members: 90
[edit] House of Representatives
- Democratic: 151
- Republican: 200 (majority)
- Populist: 5
- Silver (Silver Rep.): 1
TOTAL members: 357
[edit] Leadership
[edit] Senate
- President of the Senate:
- Theodore Roosevelt, Republican of New York, succeeded to the U.S. Presidency, September 14, 1901, vacant thereafter.
- President pro tempore of the Senate:
- William P. Frye, Republican of Maine, elected March 7, 1901.
- Democratic Caucus Chairman:
- Republican Conference Chairman:
[edit] House of Representatives
- Speaker of the House
- David B. Henderson, Republican of Iowa, elected December 2, 1901.
- Democratic Caucus Chairman:
- Republican Conference Chairman:
[edit] Members
This list is arranged by chamber, then by state. Senators are listed in order of seniority, and Representatives are listed by district.
- See also: 57th United States Congress - Political Parties
- See also: 57th United States Congress - State Delegations
- See also: United States House election, 1900
[edit] Senate
At this time, Senators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six year terms with each Congress. The Senate class numbers, which indicate the cycle of their election, precede the names in the list below. In this Congress, Class 1 meant their term began in the last Congress, requiring reelection in 1904; Class 2 meant their term began with this Congress, requiring reelection in 1906; and Class 3 meant their term ended with this Congress, requiring reelection in 1902.
- 2. John T. Morgan (Dem.)
- 3. Edmund W. Pettus (Dem.)
- 3. James K. Jones (Dem.)
- 2. James H. Berry (Dem.)
- 3. George C. Perkins (Rep.)
- 1. Thomas R. Bard (Rep.)
- 3. Henry M. Teller (Silver Rep.)
- 2. Thomas M. Patterson (Dem.)
- 3. Orville H. Platt (Rep.)
- 1. Joseph R. Hawley (Rep.)
- 1. vacant
- 2. vacant
- 3. Stephen Mallory (Dem.)
- 2. James P. Taliaferro (Dem.)
- 2. Augustus O. Bacon (Dem.)
- 3. Alexander S. Clay (Dem.)
- 3. Henry Heitfeld (Pop.)
- 2. Fred T. Dubois (Dem.)
- 2. Shelby M. Cullom (Rep.)
- 3. William E. Mason (Rep.)
- 3. Charles W. Fairbanks (Rep.)
- 1. Albert J. Beveridge (Rep.)
- 3. William B. Allison (Rep.)
- 2. Jonathan P. Dolliver (Rep.)
- 3. William A. Harris (Pop.)
- 2. Joseph R. Burton (Rep.)
- 3. William J. Deboe (Rep.)
- 2. Joseph C. S. Blackburn (Dem.)
- 3. Samuel D. McEnery (Dem.)
- 2. Murphy J. Foster (Dem.)
- 1. Eugene Hale (Rep.)
- 2. William P. Frye (Rep.)
- 3. George L. Wellington (Rep.)
- 1. Louis E. McComas (Rep.)
- 2. George Frisbie Hoar (Rep.)
- 1. Henry Cabot Lodge (Rep.)
- 2. James McMillan (Rep.) ...died August 10, 1902
- Russell A. Alger (Rep.) ...appointed September 27, 1902, subsequently elected
- 1. Julius C. Burrows (Rep.)
- 2. Knute Nelson (Rep.)
- 1. Moses E. Clapp (Rep.)
- 1. Hernando D. Money (Dem.)
- 2. Anselm J. McLaurin (Dem.)
- 1. Francis M. Cockrell (Dem.)
- 3. George G. Vest (Dem.)
- 2. William A. Clark (Dem.)
- 1. Paris Gibson (Dem.)
- 1. William V. Allen (Pop.) ...resigned March 28, 1901
- Charles H. Dietrich (Rep.) ...appointed March 28, 1901
- 2. Joseph H. Millard (Rep.)
- 3. John P. Jones (Rep.)
- 1. William M. Stewart (Rep.)
- 3. Jacob H. Gallinger (Rep.)
- 2. Henry E. Burnham (Rep.)
- 2. William J. Sewell (Rep.) ...died December 27, 1901
- John F. Dryden (Rep.) ...appointed to fill vacancy January 29, 1902
- 1. John Kean (Rep.)
- 3. Thomas C. Platt (Rep.)
- 1. Chauncey M. Depew (Rep.)
- 3. Jeter C. Pritchard (Rep.)
- 2. Furnifold M. Simmons (Dem.)
- 3. Henry C. Hansbrough (Rep.)
- 1. Porter J. McCumber (Rep.)
- 3. Joseph B. Foraker (Rep.)
- 1. Marcus A. Hanna (Rep.)
- 3. Joseph Simon (Rep.)
- 2. John H. Mitchell (Rep.)
- 3. Boies Penrose (Rep.)
- 1. Matthew S. Quay (Rep.)
- 1. Nelson W. Aldrich (Rep.)
- 2. George P. Wetmore (Rep.)
- 2. Benjamin R. Tillman (Dem.)
- 3. John L. McLaurin (Dem.)
- 3. James H. Kyle (Pop.) ...died July 1, 1901
- Alfred B. Kittredge Rep.) ...appointed July 11, 1901, subsequently elected
- 2. Robert J. Gamble (Rep.)
- 1. William B. Bate (Dem.)
- 2. Edward W. Carmack (Dem.)
- 1. Charles A. Culberson (Dem.)
- 2. Joseph W. Bailey (Dem.)
- 3. Joseph L. Rawlins (Dem.)
- 1. Thomas Kearns (Rep.)
- 1. Redfield Proctor (Rep.)
- 3. William P. Dillingham (Rep.)
- 1. John W. Daniel (Dem.)
- 2. Thomas S. Martin (Dem.)
- 3. George Turner (Silver Rep.)
- 1. Addison G. Foster (Silver Rep.)
- 2. Stephen B. Elkins (Rep.)
- 1. Nathan B. Scott (Rep.)
- 3. John C. Spooner (Rep.)
- 1. Joseph V. Quarles (Rep.)
- 1. Clarence D. Clark (Rep.)
- 2. Francis E. Warren (Rep.)
[edit] House of Representatives
The names of members of the House of Representatives known to have been elected statewide at-large, are preceded by an "A/L," and the names of those known to have been elected from single member districts, are preceded by their district numbers.
Many of the congressional district numbers are linked to articles describing the district itself. Since the boundaries of the districts have changed often and substantially, the linked article may only describe the district as it exists today, and not as it was at the time of this Congress.
- John Hollis Bankhead (Dem.)
- Sydney Johnston Bowie (Dem.)
- John Lawson Burnett (Dem.)
- Henry De Clayton (Dem.)
- William Daniel Richardson (Dem.)
- George Washington Taylor (Dem.)
- Charles Winston Thompson (Dem.)
- Oscar Wilder Underwood (Dem.)
- Ariosto Appling Wiley (Dem.)
- Stephen Preston Brundidge (Dem.)
- Hugh Anderson Dinsmore (Dem.)
- John Sebastian Little (Dem.)
- Philip Doddridge McCulloch (Dem.)
- Thomas Chipman McCrae (Dem.)
- Charles Chester Reid (Dem.)
- Frank Leslie Coombs (Rep.)
- Julius Frederick Kahn (Rep.)
- Eugene Francis Loud (Rep.)
- James Langdon McLachlan (Rep.)
- Victor Howard Metcalf (Rep.)
- James Carson Needham (Rep.)
- Samuel Davis Woods (Rep.)
- John Calhoun Bell (Pop.)
- John Franklin Shafroth (Silver Rep.)
- Frank Bosworth Brandegee (Rep.)
- Edward Stevens Henry (Rep.)
- Ebenezer J. Hill (Rep.)
- Charles Addison Russell (Rep.)
- Nehemiah Day Sperry (Rep.)
- William Charles Adamson (Dem.)
- Charles Lafayette Bartlett (Dem.)
- William Gordon Brantley (Dem.)
- William Henry Fleming (Dem.)
- James Mathews Griggs (Dem.)
- William Marcellus Howard (Dem.)
- Rufus Ezekiel Lester (Dem.)
- Elijah Banks Lewis (Dem.)
- Leonidas Felix Livingston (Dem.)
- John W. Maddox (Dem.)
- Farish Carter Tate (Dem.)
- Thomas Louis Glenn (Pop.)
- Henry Sherman Boutell (Rep.)
- Ben Franklin Caldwell (Dem.)
- Joseph Gurney Cannon (Rep.)
- Joseph Burns Crowley (Dem.)
- John Joseph Feely (Dem.)
- George Edmund Foss (Rep.)
- George Peter Foster (Dem.)
- Joseph Verdi Graff (Rep.)
- Robert Roberts Hitt (Rep.)
- Albert Jarvis Hopkins (Rep.)
- Thomas Marion Jett (Dem.)
- Frederick John Kern (Dem.)
- William Frank Mahoney (Dem.)
- James Robert Mann (Rep.)
- James Lee McAndrews (Dem.)
- J. Ross Mickey (Dem.)
- George Washington Prince (Rep.)
- Walter Augustus Reeves (Rep.)
- Thomas Jefferson Selby (Dem.)
- Vespasian Price Warner (Rep.)
- James Robert Williams (Dem.)
- Abraham Lincoln Brick (Rep.)
- George Washington Cromer (Rep.)
- Edgar Dean Crumpacker (Rep.)
- Francis Marion Griffith (Dem.)
- Elias Selah Holliday (Rep.)
- Charles Beary Landis (Rep.)
- Robert Walter Miers (Dem.)
- Jesse Johnston Overstreet (Rep.)
- James McClellan Robinson (Dem.)
- George Washington Steele (Rep.)
- James Eli Watson (Rep.)
- William Taylor Zenor (Dem.)
- James Perry Conner (Rep.)
- Robert Gordon Cousins (Rep.)
- Gilbert Nelson Haugen (Rep.)
- Thomas Prescott Hedge (Rep.)
- Thomas Prescott Hedge (Rep.)
- William Peters Hepburn (Rep.)
- John Albert Hull (Rep.)
- John Fletcher Lacey (Rep.)
- John Nicholas Rumple (Rep.)
- Walter Inglewood Smith (Rep.)
- Lot Randolph Thomas (Rep.)
- Justin De Bowersock (Rep.)
- William Alexander Calderhead (Rep.)
- Charles Dunklee Curtis (Rep.)
- Alfred Metcalf Jackson (Dem.)
- Chester Isaiah Long (Rep.)
- James Monroe Miller (Rep.)
- William Augustus Reeder (Rep.)
- Charles Frederick Scott (Rep.)
- Henry Dixon Allen (Dem.)
- Vincent Alexander Boreing (Rep.)
- George Gilmore Gilbert (Dem.)
- Daniel Linn Gooch (Dem.)
- Harvey Samuel Irwin (Rep.)
- James Nicholas Kehoe (Dem.)
- John McKenzie Moss (Rep.)
- John Stockdale Rhea (Dem.)
- David Highbaugh Smith (Dem.)
- South H. Trimble (Dem.)
- Charles Kennedy Wheeler (Dem.)
- James Bamford White (Dem.)
- Phanor Gordon Breazeale (Dem.)
- Robert Foligny Broussard (Dem.)
- Robert Charles Davey (Dem.)
- Adolph Howard Meyer (Dem.)
- Joseph Eugene Ransdell (Dem.)
- Samuel Matthews Robertson (Dem.)
- Amos Lawrence Allen (Rep.)
- Charles Addison Boutelle (Rep.)
- Edwin Chick Burleigh (Rep.)
- Charles Edgar Littlefield (Rep.)
- Llewellyn William Powers (Rep.)
- Albert Alexander Blakeney (Rep.)
- William Humphreys Jackson (Rep.)
- Sydney Emanuel Mudd (Rep.)
- George Alexander Pearre (Rep.)
- Charles Reginald Schirm (Rep.)
- Frank Charles Wachter (Rep.)
- Joseph Aloysius Conry (Dem.)
- Augustus Peabody Gardner (Rep.)
- Frederick Huntington Gillett (Rep.)
- William Stedman Greene (Rep.)
- William Shadrach Knox (Rep.)
- George Pelton Lawrence (Rep.)
- William Croad Lovering (Rep.)
- Samuel Walker McCall (Rep.)
- William Henry Moody (Rep.)
- Henry Francis Naphen (Dem.)
- Samuel Leland Powers (Rep.)
- Ernest William Roberts (Rep.)
- John Randolph Thayer (Dem.)
- Charles Quincy Tirrell (Rep.)
- Henry Harrison Aplin (Rep.)
- Roswell Peter Bishop (Rep.)
- John Blaisdell Corliss (Rep.)
- Rousseau Owen Crump (Rep.)
- Archibald Bard Darragh (Rep.)
- Joseph Warren Fordney (Rep.)
- Washington Gardner (Rep.)
- Edward L. Hamilton (Rep.)
- Carlos D. Shelden (Rep.)
- Henry Cassorte Smith (Rep.)
- Samuel William Smith (Rep.)
- William Alden Smith (Rep.)
- Edgar Weeks (Rep.)
- Frank Eddy (Rep.)
- Loren Fletcher (Rep.)
- Joel Heatwole (Rep.)
- James McCleary (Rep.)
- Robert P. Morris (Rep.)
- Frederick Stevens (Rep.)
- James Albertus Tawney (Rep.)
- Ezekiel Samuel Candler (Dem.)
- Andrew Fuller Fox (Dem.)
- Patrick Stevens Henry (Dem.)
- Charles Edward Hooker (Dem.)
- Frank Alexander McClain (Dem.)
- Thomas Day Spight (Dem.)
- John Sharp Williams (Dem.)
- Richard Stebbins Bartholdt (Rep.)
- Maecenas Eason Benton (Dem.)
- James Joseph Butler (Dem.)
- James Beauchamp Clark (Dem.)
- Charles Fremont Cochran (Dem.)
- James Leslie Cooney (Dem.)
- William Strother Cowherd (Dem.)
- David Albaugh De Armond (Dem.)
- John Anderson Dougherty (Dem.)
- Charles Frederick Joy (Rep.)
- James Tilghman Lloyd (Dem.)
- Edward Franklin Robb (Dem.)
- William Waller Rucker (Dem.)
- Dorsey William Shackleford (Dem.)
- Willard Duncan Vandiver (Dem.)
- George Chester Wagoner (Rep.)
- Caldwell Marion Edwards (Pop.)
- Elmer Jacob Burkett (Rep.)
- David Henry Mercer (Rep.)
- William Carson Neville (Pop.)
- John Seaton Robinson (Dem.)
- Ashton Cokayne Shallenberger (Dem.)
- William Ledyard Stark (Pop.)
- Frank Dunklee Currier (Rep.)
- Cyrus Adams Sulloway (Rep.)
- De Witt Flanagan (Dem.)
- Charles Newell Fowler (Rep.)
- John James Gardner (Rep.)
- Benjamin Franklin Howell (Rep.)
- Henry Clay Loudenslager (Rep.)
- Allan Langdon McDermott (Dem.)
- Richard Wayne Parker (Rep.)
- Joshua S. Salmon (Dem.)
- James Fleming Stewart (Rep.)
- De Alva S. Alexander (Rep.)
- Oliver Hazard Belmont (Dem.)
- Henry Lincoln Bristow (Rep.)
- Thomas James Creamer (Dem.)
- Amos Jay Cummings (Dem.)
- William Harris Douglas (Rep.)
- William Henry Draper (Rep.)
- Michael Edward Driscoll (Rep.)
- John Wilbur Dwight (Rep.)
- Louis Woodard Emerson (Rep.)
- John Joseph Fitzgerald (Dem.)
- Charles William Gillet (Rep.)
- Henry Mayer Goldfogle (Dem.)
- Harry Alfred Hanbury (Rep.)
- Warren Brewster Hooker (Rep.)
- John Henry Ketcham (Rep.)
- Charles Luman Knapp (Rep.)
- Montague Pelton Lessler (Rep.)
- George Henry Lindsay (Dem.)
- Lucius Nathan Littauer (Rep.)
- George Brinton McClellan (Dem.)
- Nicholas Emanuel Muller (Dem.)
- Sereno Elisha Payne (Rep.)
- James Breck Perkins (Rep.)
- Cornelius Amory Pugsley (Dem.)
- George Washington Ray (Rep.)
- Jacob Nicholas Ruppert (Dem.)
- William Henry Ryan (Dem.)
- Albert Duane Shaw (Rep.)
- James Schoolcraft Sherman (Rep.)
- George Newell Southwick (Rep.)
- John Knox Stewart (Rep.)
- Frederic William Storm (Rep.)
- William Adams Sulzer (Dem.)
- Edward Adams Swann (Dem.)
- Arthur Sidney Tompkins (Rep.)
- Edward Butterfield Vreeland (Rep.)
- James Wolcott Wadsworth (Rep.)
- Frank Eugene Wilson (Dem.)
- John Dillard Bellamy (Dem.)
- Edmond Spencer Blackburn (Rep.)
- Claude Henry Kitchin (Dem.)
- William Walton Kitchin (Dem.)
- Theodore Franklin Kluttz (Dem.)
- James Montraville Moody (Rep.)
- Edward William Pou (Dem.)
- John Humphrey Small (Dem.)
- Charles Randolph Thomas (Dem.)
- Thomas Frank Marshall (Rep.)
- Jacob Atlee Beidler (Rep.)
- Jacob Henry Bromwell (Rep.)
- Theodore Elijah Burton (Rep.)
- John Wilson Cassingham (Dem.)
- Charles William Dick (Rep.)
- Joseph John Gill (Rep.)
- Robert Bryarly Gordon (Dem.)
- Charles Henry Grosvenor (Rep.)
- Charles Quinn Hildebrant (Rep.)
- Thomas Barton Kyle (Rep.)
- Stephen Austin Morgan (Rep.)
- Robert M. Nevin (Rep.)
- James Albert Norton (Dem.)
- William Bunn Shattuc (Rep.)
- William Woodburn Skiles (Rep.)
- John Stout Snook (Dem.)
- James Harding Southard (Rep.)
- Robert Walker Tayler (Rep.)
- Emmett Sidney Tompkins (Rep.)
- Henry Clay Van Voorhis (Rep.)
- William Robert Warnock (Rep.)
- Malcolm Adelbert Moody (Rep.)
- Thomas H. Tongue (Rep.)
- Ernest Francis Acheson (Rep.)
- Robert Francis Adams (Rep.)
- Arthur Laban Bates (Rep.)
- Alexander Billmeyer (Dem.)
- Henry Harrison Bingham (Rep.)
- Marriott Henry Brosius (Rep.)...Died in 1901
- Henry Farmer Burk (Rep.)
- Thomas Stalker Butler (Rep.)
- Henry Burd Cassel (Rep.)...Elected after the death of Mariott Brosius
- William Connell (Rep.)
- John Dalzell (Rep.)
- Elias Deemer (Rep.)
- Alvin Jacob Evans (Rep.)
- Robert H. Foerderer (Rep.)
- William Harrison Graham (Rep.)
- Henry Dickinson Green (Dem.)
- Galusha Aaron Grow (Rep.)
- James Knox Polk Hall (Dem.)
- Summers Melville Jack (Rep.)
- Robert Jacob Lewis (Rep.)
- Thaddeus Maclay Mahon (Rep.)
- Edward de Veaux Morrell (Rep.)
- Howard Emanuel Mutchler (Dem.)
- Marlin Edgar Olmsted (Rep.)
- Henry Wilbur Palmer (Rep.)
- George Robert Patterson (Rep.)
- Rufus King Polk (Dem.)
- Joseph Baltzell Showalter (Rep.)
- Joseph Crocker Sibley (Rep.)
- Irving Price Wanger (Rep.)
- Charles Frederick Wright (Rep.)
- James Rankin Young (Rep.)
- William Elliott (Dem.)
- David Edward Finley (Dem.)
- Joseph Travis Johnson (Dem.)
- Asbury C. Latimer (Dem.)
- Robert Bethea Scarborough (Dem.)
- Asbury F. Lever (Dem.)
- William Jasper Talbert (Dem.)
- Walter Preston Brownlow (Rep.)
- John Wesley Gaines (Dem.)
- Henry Richard Gibson (Rep.)
- John Austin Moon (Dem.)
- Lemuel Phillips Padgett (Dem.)
- Malcolm Rice Patterson (Dem.)
- Rice Alexander Pierce (Dem.)
- James Daniel Richardson (Dem.)
- Thetus Willrette Sims (Dem.)
- Charles Edward Snodgrass (Dem.)
- Thomas Henry Ball (Dem.)
- George Farmer Burgess (Dem.)
- Robert Emmet Burke (Dem.)
- Albert Sidney Burleson (Dem.)
- Samuel Bronson Cooper (Dem.)
- Reese Calhoun De Graffenreid (Dem.)
- Robert Lee Henry (Dem.)
- Rudolph Walton Kleberg (Dem.)
- Samuel Willis Lanham (Dem.)
- Choice Boswell Randell (Dem.)
- Gordon James Russell (Dem.)
- John Levi Sheppard (Dem.)
- James Luther Slayden (Dem.)
- John Hall Stephens (Dem.)
- Dudley Goodall Wooten (Dem.)
- George Adams Sutherland (Rep.)
- Henry De Flood (Dem.)
- Carter Huntington Glass (Dem.)
- James Nelson Hay (Dem.)
- William Atkinson Jones (Dem.)
- John Fletcher Lamb (Dem.)
- Francis Rives Lassiter (Dem.)
- Harry Lee Maynard (Dem.)
- Peter Johnston Otey (Dem.)
- William Francis Rhea (Dem.)
- John Franklin Rixey (Dem.)
- Claude Augustus Swanson (Dem.)
- Francis Wellington Cushman (Rep.)
- Wesley Livsey Jones (Rep.)
- Alston Gordon Dayton (Rep.)
- Blackburn Barrett Dovener (Rep.)
- Joseph Holt Gaines (Rep.)
- James Anthony Hughes (Rep.)
- Joseph W. Babcock (Rep.)
- Samuel Stebbins Barney (Rep.)
- Webster Everett Brown (Rep.)
- Henry Allen Cooper (Rep.)
- Herman Bjorn Dahle (Rep.)
- James Henry Davidson (Rep.)
- John Jacob Esch (Rep.)
- John James Jenkins (Rep.)
- Edward Sloman Minor (Rep.)
- Theobald Johnston Otjen (Rep.)
[edit] Delegates
[edit] Resident Commissioner
[edit] Changes in Membership
[edit] Senate
[edit] House of Representatives
[edit] Officers
[edit] Senate
- Secretary of the Senate:
- Charles G. Bennett of New York, elected February 1, 1900.
- Sergeant at Arms of the Senate:
- Daniel M. Ransdell of Indiana, elected February 1, 1900.
- Chaplain of the Senate
[edit] House of Representatives
- Clerk of the House:
- Alexander McDowell of Pennsylvania, elected December 2, 1901.
- Sergeant at Arms of the House:
- Henry Casson of Wisconsin, elected December 2, 1901.
- Doorkeeper of the House:
- William J. Glenn of New York, elected December 2, 1901.
- Postmaster of the House:
- Joseph McElroy of Ohio, elected December 2, 1901.
- Clerk at the Speaker’s Table:
- Asher C. Hinds
- Chaplain of the House
- The Rev. Henry N. Couden, Universalist, elected December 2, 1901.
[edit] Other
- Architect of the Capitol:
- Edward Clark, appointed August 30, 1865, died January 6, 1902.
- Elliott Woods, appointed February 19, 1902.
[edit] References
- Gould, Lewis L. (2005). The Most Exclusive Club. Cambridge, MA: Perseus Books Group. 0-465-02778-4.
- Remini, Robert V. (2006). The House. New York: HarperCollins Publishers, Inc. 0-06-088434-7.
- U.S. Congress (2005). Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress. Retrieved on June 1, 2006.
- U.S. House of Representatives (2006). Congressional History. Retrieved on June 1, 2006.
- U.S. Senate (2006). Statistics and Lists. Retrieved on June 1, 2006.
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